LLM Training Hyperparameters: Detailed Overview

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11 Jun 2025

Abstract and 1. Introduction

2. Method

3. Experiments on real data

3.1. Benefits scale with model size and 3.2. Faster inference

3.3. Learning global patterns with multi-byte prediction and 3.4. Searching for the optimal n

3.5. Training for multiple epochs and 3.6. Finetuning multi-token predictors

3.7. Multi-token prediction on natural language

4. Ablations on synthetic data and 4.1. Induction capability

4.2. Algorithmic reasoning

5. Why does it work? Some speculation and 5.1. Lookahead reinforces choice points

5.2. Information-theoretic argument

6. Related work

7. Conclusion, Impact statement, Environmental impact, Acknowledgements, and References

A. Additional results on self-speculative decoding

B. Alternative architectures

C. Training speeds

D. Finetuning

E. Additional results on model scaling behavior

F. Details on CodeContests finetuning

G. Additional results on natural language benchmarks

H. Additional results on abstractive text summarization

I. Additional results on mathematical reasoning in natural language

J. Additional results on induction learning

K. Additional results on algorithmic reasoning

L. Additional intuitions on multi-token prediction

M. Training hyperparameters

M. Training hyperparameters

Table S13: Overview of all training hyperparameters used. We schedule all learning rates with a linear warmup and cosine decay (Loshchilov and Hutter, 2017) to a fraction of the peak learning rate which is depicted in the last column (“decay ratio”). All experiments use the Adam (Kingma and Ba, 2015) optimizer with β1 = 0.9, β2 = 0.95 and decoupled L2 weight decay (Loshchilov and Hutter, 2019) coefficient 0.1. We clip gradients to a maximal Euclidean norm of 1.0 in all experiments except CodeContests finetunings, where we use 0.1 instead. Summarization finetunings correspond to three epochs on all datasets except BigPatent (1 epoch). Byte-level models use the architecture with replicated unembeddings from Appendix B.

Table S14: Overview of model architectures used for scaling analyses.

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license.

Authors:

(1) Fabian Gloeckle, FAIR at Meta, CERMICS Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, and contributed equally;

(2) Badr Youbi IdrissiFAIR at Meta, LISN Université Paris-Saclay, and contributed equally;

(3) Baptiste Rozière, FAIR at Meta;

(4) David Lopez-Paz, FAIR at Meta and his the last author;

(5) Gabriel Synnaeve, FAIR at Meta and the last author.